REFERENCE DIRECTORY & DATASET

Master Liquid Density Database & Specific Gravity Table

Q: What is liquid density and how does it relate to fluid ounces and pounds?

Density is the mass of a substance divided by the volume it occupies (ρ = m/V), usually expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL). To convert fluid ounces (volume) to pounds (mass), multiplying by the density is strictly required.

Q: What is the difference between density and specific gravity?

Specific gravity is the ratio of a liquid density relative to pure water at 4°C (1.000 g/mL). Because water is 1.000 g/mL, the numerical value of specific gravity is practically identical to density in g/mL, but specific gravity is dimensionless (has no units).

Q: How is liquid density measured in a laboratory or kitchen?

Density is typically measured using a hydrometer (measures buoyancy depth), a pycnometer (precise calibrated volume flask weighed on an analytical scale), or a digital refractometer (measures light refraction through dissolved solids).

Q: Why does temperature change liquid density?

When liquids are heated, thermal energy causes molecules to vibrate and expand, occupying more volume for the same mass. As volume increases, density decreases. For example, boiling water is over 4% less dense than cold water.

Search and filter verified density values, specific gravities, and pounds per fluid ounce (lbs/fl oz) across culinary ingredients, petroleum fuels, motor lubricants, and industrial coatings.

Showing 60 substances

Liquid Name	Category	Density (g/mL)	Specific Gravity	Pounds / US Fl Oz	Pounds / Gallon	Notes & Source Context
Pure Water (4°C)	Culinary	`1.000 g/mL`	1.0000	0.06520 lb	8.35 lbs	Baseline reference standard (maximum density).
Water (Room Temp, 20°C)	Culinary	`0.998 g/mL`	0.9980	0.06507 lb	8.33 lbs	Standard room temperature water density.
Whole Milk (3.25%)	Culinary	`1.032 g/mL`	1.0320	0.06728 lb	8.61 lbs	Standard pasteurized whole cow milk with milk solids.
Skim Milk (Non-fat)	Culinary	`1.036 g/mL`	1.0360	0.06755 lb	8.65 lbs	Butterfat removed; denser due to remaining solids.
Heavy Cream (36% fat)	Culinary	`0.994 g/mL`	0.9940	0.06481 lb	8.29 lbs	High butterfat content makes it slightly lighter than water.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil	Culinary	`0.918 g/mL`	0.9180	0.05985 lb	7.66 lbs	Cold-pressed olive oil, standard room temp.
Canola Oil	Culinary	`0.920 g/mL`	0.9200	0.05998 lb	7.68 lbs	Refined cooking and baking oil.
Vegetable / Soybean Oil	Culinary	`0.922 g/mL`	0.9220	0.06011 lb	7.69 lbs	Common all-purpose frying and salad oil.
Coconut Oil (Liquid, 25°C)	Culinary	`0.924 g/mL`	0.9240	0.06024 lb	7.71 lbs	Melted coconut oil; solidifies below 24°C.
Peanut Oil	Culinary	`0.915 g/mL`	0.9150	0.05966 lb	7.64 lbs	High smoke point frying oil.
Sesame Oil (Toasted)	Culinary	`0.923 g/mL`	0.9230	0.06018 lb	7.70 lbs	Aromatic finishing oil for Asian cuisine.
Pure Honey (Grade A)	Culinary	`1.420 g/mL`	1.4200	0.09258 lb	11.85 lbs	Standard commercial honey with <18.6% moisture.
Raw / Thick Honey	Culinary	`1.435 g/mL`	1.4350	0.09356 lb	11.98 lbs	Low-moisture artisanal or wildflower honey.
Pure Maple Syrup	Culinary	`1.330 g/mL`	1.3300	0.08671 lb	11.10 lbs	Grade A amber maple syrup (66° Brix).
Light Corn Syrup	Culinary	`1.400 g/mL`	1.4000	0.09128 lb	11.68 lbs	Commercial glucose baking syrup with vanilla.
Dark Molasses	Culinary	`1.430 g/mL`	1.4300	0.09323 lb	11.93 lbs	Cane molasses byproduct from sugar refining.
Agave Nectar	Culinary	`1.380 g/mL`	1.3800	0.08997 lb	11.52 lbs	Low-glycemic liquid fructose sweetener.
Distilled White Vinegar (5%)	Culinary	`1.010 g/mL`	1.0100	0.06585 lb	8.43 lbs	Standard 50-grain acetic acid pickling solution.
Apple Cider Vinegar	Culinary	`1.015 g/mL`	1.0150	0.06618 lb	8.47 lbs	Fermented apple cider vinegar with mother.
Balsamic Vinegar of Modena	Culinary	`1.080 g/mL`	1.0800	0.07041 lb	9.01 lbs	Aged grape must reduction vinegar.
Soy Sauce (Regular)	Culinary	`1.150 g/mL`	1.1500	0.07498 lb	9.60 lbs	Brewed wheat and soy with high salinity (15%).
Black Coffee (Drip)	Household & Beverages	`1.003 g/mL`	1.0030	0.06539 lb	8.37 lbs	Standard drip coffee with 1.3% TDS.
Espresso	Household & Beverages	`1.020 g/mL`	1.0200	0.06650 lb	8.51 lbs	Concentrated coffee brew with crema.
Orange Juice (100% juice)	Household & Beverages	`1.045 g/mL`	1.0450	0.06813 lb	8.72 lbs	Pasteurized juice with natural fruit sugars (11° Brix).
Regular Cola Soda	Household & Beverages	`1.040 g/mL`	1.0400	0.06781 lb	8.68 lbs	Carbonated soft drink with high-fructose corn syrup.
Diet Cola Soda	Household & Beverages	`0.999 g/mL`	0.9990	0.06513 lb	8.34 lbs	Artificially sweetened; virtually same density as water.
Beer (Lager, 5% ABV)	Household & Beverages	`1.010 g/mL`	1.0100	0.06585 lb	8.43 lbs	Finished fermented malt beverage.
Beer (Heavy Stout / Porter)	Household & Beverages	`1.025 g/mL`	1.0250	0.06683 lb	8.55 lbs	High residual unfermented sugars and dextrins.
Table Wine (12% ABV)	Household & Beverages	`0.992 g/mL`	0.9920	0.06468 lb	8.28 lbs	Dry red or white wine (ethanol lowers density).
Distilled Spirits (80-Proof)	Household & Beverages	`0.948 g/mL`	0.9480	0.06181 lb	7.91 lbs	40% ethanol by volume vodka, gin, whiskey.
Pure Ethanol (200-Proof)	Household & Beverages	`0.789 g/mL`	0.7890	0.05144 lb	6.58 lbs	Anhydrous alcohol at 20°C.
Liquid Hand Soap	Household & Beverages	`1.050 g/mL`	1.0500	0.06846 lb	8.76 lbs	Surfactant cleansing liquid formulation.
Household Bleach (5.25% NaOCl)	Household & Beverages	`1.080 g/mL`	1.0800	0.07041 lb	9.01 lbs	Sodium hypochlorite sanitizing solution.
Seawater (Ocean, 35 ppt)	Household & Beverages	`1.025 g/mL`	1.0250	0.06683 lb	8.55 lbs	Standard marine salinity benchmark.
Regular Gasoline (87 Octane)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.740 g/mL`	0.7400	0.04825 lb	6.18 lbs	Automotive fuel standard at 60°F.
Premium Gasoline (93 Octane)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.745 g/mL`	0.7450	0.04857 lb	6.22 lbs	Higher aromatics and octane rating.
Aviation Gas (AvGas 100LL)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.720 g/mL`	0.7200	0.04694 lb	6.01 lbs	Piston-engine aircraft low-lead fuel.
Diesel #2 (Ultra-Low Sulfur)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.850 g/mL`	0.8500	0.05542 lb	7.09 lbs	Standard commercial highway truck fuel.
Diesel #1 (Winter Blend)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.830 g/mL`	0.8300	0.05411 lb	6.93 lbs	Kerosene-rich cold weather blend.
Biodiesel (B100 Fatty Acid)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.880 g/mL`	0.8800	0.05737 lb	7.34 lbs	Pure vegetable oil or tallow methyl ester.
Jet Fuel (Jet A / A-1)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.810 g/mL`	0.8100	0.05281 lb	6.76 lbs	Kerosene-based commercial aviation turbine fuel.
Kerosene (1-K Heater)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.815 g/mL`	0.8150	0.05314 lb	6.80 lbs	Clean-burning light petroleum distillate.
Crude Oil (API 35 Average)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.850 g/mL`	0.8500	0.05542 lb	7.09 lbs	Sweet light crude oil baseline.
Liquid Propane (LPG at -40°C)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.510 g/mL`	0.5100	0.03325 lb	4.26 lbs	Pressurized liquefied petroleum gas.
Liquid Butane (at 0°C)	Petrochemical & Fuel	`0.580 g/mL`	0.5800	0.03781 lb	4.84 lbs	Liquefied hydrocarbon fuel.
Motor Oil (SAE 5W-30 Synthetic)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.855 g/mL`	0.8550	0.05574 lb	7.13 lbs	Modern multi-grade synthetic engine oil.
Motor Oil (SAE 10W-40)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.865 g/mL`	0.8650	0.05640 lb	7.22 lbs	Conventional automotive engine lubricant.
Gear Oil (SAE 75W-90)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.885 g/mL`	0.8850	0.05770 lb	7.39 lbs	Heavy differential and manual transmission oil.
Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.860 g/mL`	0.8600	0.05607 lb	7.18 lbs	Low-viscosity friction-modified hydraulic fluid.
Hydraulic Oil (ISO 46)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.875 g/mL`	0.8750	0.05705 lb	7.30 lbs	Industrial machinery hydraulic fluid.
Interior Latex Wall Paint	Industrial & Chemical	`1.280 g/mL`	1.2800	0.08345 lb	10.68 lbs	Titanium dioxide pigmented acrylic latex emulsion.
Exterior Acrylic Paint	Industrial & Chemical	`1.350 g/mL`	1.3500	0.08802 lb	11.27 lbs	High-solids weather-resistant exterior coating.
Oil-Based Enamel Paint	Industrial & Chemical	`1.150 g/mL`	1.1500	0.07498 lb	9.60 lbs	Alkyd resin gloss protective finish.
Heavy Primer / Sealer	Industrial & Chemical	`1.450 g/mL`	1.4500	0.09454 lb	12.10 lbs	Mineral-loaded stain-blocking primer.
Epoxy Resin (Part A Base)	Industrial & Chemical	`1.150 g/mL`	1.1500	0.07498 lb	9.60 lbs	Bisphenol-A casting epoxy resin.
Epoxy Hardener (Part B Amine)	Industrial & Chemical	`0.980 g/mL`	0.9800	0.06389 lb	8.18 lbs	Polyamine curing agent for epoxy systems.
Platinum Liquid Silicone	Industrial & Chemical	`1.100 g/mL`	1.1000	0.07172 lb	9.18 lbs	RTV-2 mold making and casting silicone.
Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze)	Industrial & Chemical	`1.115 g/mL`	1.1150	0.07270 lb	9.30 lbs	Pure concentrated engine coolant additive.
Propylene Glycol	Industrial & Chemical	`1.036 g/mL`	1.0360	0.06755 lb	8.65 lbs	Non-toxic food and HVAC heat transfer fluid.
Glycerin (Pure Vegetable)	Industrial & Chemical	`1.261 g/mL`	1.2610	0.08221 lb	10.52 lbs	Trihydroxy alcohol humectant and sweetener.

Laboratory Methodology

How Liquid Density and Specific Gravity Are Determined

1. Hydrometer (Buoyancy Displacement)

A weighted glass bulb that floats in liquid according to Archimedes' principle. The depth at which the stem floats directly indicates the liquid's specific gravity along a calibrated scale. Frequently used in brewing, winemaking, and battery testing.

2. Pycnometer (Gravimetric Standard)

A precision glass vessel with a defined internal volume and capillary stopper. By weighing the empty pycnometer, then weighing it filled with liquid at a controlled temperature, density is calculated with high analytical accuracy.

3. Refractometer (Refractive Index)

Measures how light bends as it passes through a liquid. Commonly used for sugar solutions (Brix scale in honey and syrups), salinity in reef aquariums, and antifreeze glycol concentration.

Frequently Asked Questions about Liquid Density

What is liquid density and how does it relate to fluid ounces and pounds?

Density is the mass of a substance divided by the volume it occupies (ρ = m/V), usually expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL). To convert fluid ounces (volume) to pounds (mass), multiplying by the density is strictly required.

What is the difference between density and specific gravity?

Specific gravity is the ratio of a liquid density relative to pure water at 4°C (1.000 g/mL). Because water is 1.000 g/mL, the numerical value of specific gravity is practically identical to density in g/mL, but specific gravity is dimensionless (has no units).

How is liquid density measured in a laboratory or kitchen?

Density is typically measured using a hydrometer (measures buoyancy depth), a pycnometer (precise calibrated volume flask weighed on an analytical scale), or a digital refractometer (measures light refraction through dissolved solids).

Why does temperature change liquid density?

When liquids are heated, thermal energy causes molecules to vibrate and expand, occupying more volume for the same mass. As volume increases, density decreases. For example, boiling water is over 4% less dense than cold water.

How Liquid Density and Specific Gravity Are Determined

1. Hydrometer (Buoyancy Displacement)

2. Pycnometer (Gravimetric Standard)

3. Refractometer (Refractive Index)

Frequently Asked Questions about Liquid Density

Related Liquid Volume & Weight Tools

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Cooking Oil Fl Oz to Lbs

Olive Oil Fl Oz to Lbs

Pounds to Fluid Ounces

Liquid Density Database